- A community driven early warning system for landslides has been put in place by the Geological Survey of India in the Darjeeling Himalayas. In a bottom-up approach, the system relies on rainfall threshold measurement by members of the local community that is then shared with the administration for timely action.
- It is backed by a body of long-term research by GSI on rainfall threshold, landslide vulnerability mapping and on surface deformation using a radar-based technique.
- Information from a pre-trained set of volunteers can easily be combined with data extracted from social media for disaster relief.
In landslide-prone Giddapahar, a small hamlet nestled in the Darjeeling Himalayas known for its fragrant black tea, Bikash Thapa has become his community’s very own rain man.
Aided by his faithful rain gauge, Thapa unflinchingly measures the level of rainfall every day at regular intervals. And when the threshold is breached, he whistles and sends off a message, alerting the rest of the village and district administration to a potential landslide.
Empowered by science, Thapa, responsible for rainfall threshold estimation, is in fact, a key resource person in India’s first community-based early warning system for landslides, according to the Geological Survey of India.
Called the “People-centric Landslide Early Warning System” (L-EWS), the system was deployed on September 7 in Giddapahar by Geological Survey of India, the nodal department for landslide-hazard management in India, in partnership with the Darjeeling district administration in northern West Bengal.
Launched on an experimental basis, the bottom-up approach empowers and relies on the community to manage the landslide warning system.
“The set-up empowers the people in the village to take decisions so they can take steps in the right time. The simple and low cost system lets members of the community in the landslide-susceptible areas apply and interpret rainfall data to reduce risk to life,” Pankaj Jaiswal, director, Landslide Studies Division, Geohazards Research and Management Centre (GHRM) at GSI, told Mongabay- India.
The effort is an outcome of the project “Development of rainfall threshold based Landslide Early Warning System for landslide hazards in Darjeeling district, West
Bengal‟ undertaken by the Landslide Studies Division, GHRM Centre, GSI.
In this system, the community monitors the rainfall, analyses its threshold value and exceedance, generates warning and communicates to the local community and block administration, and takes decisions on evacuation, if required.
“Early warning is very important to all of us, not only in this village but also to people in neighbouring villages. Lives have been lost and our properties damaged. With the training we received to monitor rainfall and landslide signs, we hope that we can save many lives in the ongoing rainy season,” Thapa told Mongabay-India.
The Darjeeling hills are hemmed in by the Sikkim Himalayas in the north, the Bhutan Himalayas in the east and the Nepal Himalayas in the west. The average annual rainfall in the district is 3092 mm.
Giddapahar village is in Kurseong subdivision of Darjeeling district that has a history of landslides with records going back to 1899.
Data from the National Landslide Susceptibility Mapping (NLSM) programme for northern West Bengal shows that almost a sixth of Darjeeling and Kalimpong districts, or 17 percent, are in the high risk zone.
In Giddapahar, which lies in the Paglajhora catchment, land-slips have been reported since 2003. The village with around 60 households is located on the crown of an active rock slide which reactivated several times in the two decades. The houses and grounds have developed cracks and show signs of active mass movement, a GSI statement said.
This stretch along National Highway 55 also sees frequent road connectivity disruptions due to landslide events.
“People have been living with landslides but we are increasing their coping capacity and resilience with the help of this system. Landslides can strike at any hour and sometimes it is not possible for district officials to reach in time. By strengthening community participation we can ensure timely help,” said Tirthankar Sanyal, district disaster management officer (DDMO) .
District officials and experts highlighted that all it takes for the system to work is a tipping bucket rain gauge, a rainfall threshold chart, whistle, mobile/internet messenger and a billboard.
Discussing details of the mock drills and training sessions conducted by GSI, Arpan Golay, the block disaster management officer for Kurseong, elaborated on the mechanism of action.
“When we get an IMD alert for heavy rainfall, the person in-charge of the rain gauge intensifies measurements (at frequent intervals). He or she compares the rainfall of the previous three days with the measured event day rainfall to take decision on threshold crossover for the warning,” said Golay.
Thapa said he usually maps rainfall every four hours but steps it up to two-hour intervals following heavy rainfall forecast.
The resource person, depending on the threshold chart, sets off three continuous whistles with a pause (in addition to a Whatsapp text) to signal an “alert.” If the threshold is crossed, then he fires up the “alarm” (continuous whistling and texts).
“When the alert is sounded, we encourage the community at risk to be ready and prepared with their essentials. At this time they also keep regular vigil at night and look for signs for potential landslide such as boulder falling, groundwater movement, any rumbling sounds or cracks appearing on ground,” said Golay.
On the “alarm” signal, villagers are evacuated to safe shelters at strategic points.
“We sound off the whistle as well as keep alerting the block officials via messages and Whatsapp texts,” Thapa said.
A billboard installed at a vantage point in the village depicts the key elements of the system so that the community is familiarised of its utility.
“The billboard highlights the hazard scenarios, dos and don’ts and the safe shelters. This reinforces community awareness,” Jaiswal said.
Combining community participation with social media
The L-EWS system is backed by a body of long-term research by the GSI on rainfall threshold, landslide vulnerability mapping and InSAR-based slope monitoring—is a technique for mapping ground deformation (to a very small degree) using radar images of the Earth’s surface that are collected from orbiting satellites.
“Not every rainfall event triggers landslide. We need to know the threshold. So we established the threshold for the area that can set off a landslide. In addition, we have also pinpointed certain signs that could indicate a potential landslide based on InSAR data,” Jaiswal said.
Success of the early-warning approach depends on two important factors: involvement and ownership of the community at risk, and conducting periodic landslide awareness programmes by the state administration.
“The key here is to continue the drills and practice. So far we can tell that local community (including self help groups, traders, elderly people, children) is extremely enthused about taking ownership of their own well being and their participation is very high,” said Debasish Chattopadhyay, sub divisional officer, Kurseong.
Social network and social media analyst Saptarshi Ghosh who is working on developing artificial intelligence techniques for utilising online social media (OSM) to enhance post-disaster relief operations, said information collected from a pre-trained set of people can be dovetailed with crowdsourced intelligence available on social media for disaster relief.
“We rely on crowdsourced intelligence available on social media, and try to automatically extract important observations from social media using artificial intelligence,” Ghosh, assistant professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, told Mongabay- India.
“Having such a pre-trained set of volunteers in the risk-prone region can indeed be very beneficial, for example, in answering specific questions whose answers are not available via social media, and for verifying the information circulating over social media. So, if such a workforce is available, its observations can easily be combined with the type of information we extract from social media,” Ghosh added.
India in 2016 launched the National Disaster Management Plan, a document that incorporates the approach enunciated in the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030.
By 2030, the Sendai Framework aims to achieve substantial reduction of disaster risk and losses in lives, livelihoods, and health and in the economic, physical, social, cultural, and environmental assets of persons, businesses, communities, and countries.
The plan incorporates four priority themes of the Sendai framework: understanding disaster risk, improving disaster risk governance, investing in disaster risk reduction (through structural and non-structural measures) and disaster preparedness, early warning and building back better in the aftermath of a disaster.
Anshu Sharma co-founder and director of SEEDS, a non-profit organisation working in disaster risk reduction and recovery in Asia, advocated studying public psychology in sharing disaster information.
“The GSI system is a very good concept, and many are nowadays working on people centric / crowdsourcing based solutions. The problem is how to scale beyond a pilot. Further study of public psychology in sharing disaster information is required. In addition, triangulation of information received, validation and ensuring that rumours or false information don’t get propagated is also critical,” he added.
BANNER
View of the active 14-mile landslide in the Darjeeling Himalayas. Photo by Geological Survey of India.
