New evidence suggests the Western Ghats are a suitable landscape to support the co-existence of humans and dholes, but that the stability of this relationship depends on the extent of agriculture, tourism, and infrastructure development in the region.
A study by researchers from the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and the National Centre for Biological Sciences sought to understand how dholes, also known as Asiatic wild dogs, share space with humans in the tea dominated agroforests of the Western Ghats. Dholes are listed as endangered species by the IUCN, and have lost 60% of their habitat range in India over the last century. However, they continue to be found in the Western Ghats, as well as the forests of Central and Northeast India.
Dholes were chosen as the subject of the study because despite being top predators, “funding and management efforts are often limited almost exclusively to protected areas (PAs), and remain heavily biased toward certain charismatic species,” the study said. Understanding how large carnivores like dholes interact with human-dominated landscapes “is vital for both human safety and carnivore conservation.”
Only about 1,000-2,000 adult dhole individuals remain in India, having been impacted by habitat fragmentation and deforestation. Dholes are social and known to travel in packs of two to 24 individuals, but prefer to live away from human habitations. Previous research has shown that demographic and geographic isolation have played a role in sustaining dhole populations in India.
The WCS study found that in the Valparai district of the Western Ghats, in Tamil Nadu, even though dholes could be found in areas where livestock was present, they preferred to prey on wild ungulates. Valparai has large swathes of agroforests sustaining coffee, tea, cardamom, and other crop plantations that are interspersed with forest patches.
By analysing scat samples from latrine sites visited between April and May 2023, the research revealed sambar deer to be the most consumed biomass by dholes, followed by wild gaur. Through satellite imagery, camera trap surveys, and ground-based surveys, the study also found that dhole packs appeared to “favor areas with higher direct visibility, which likely helps them guard the pack from human-induced disturbances.”
“We also found that space use was relatively higher in flatter areas away from human settlements,” says the study, adding, “Higher probabilities of use in flatter terrain may be attributed to their (coursing) hunting strategy. However, future land-use changes in Valparai driven by proliferating tourism and the subsequent infrastructure development, or the intensification of agriculture could negatively impact this stability.”
Banner image: Representative image of a dhole. Image by Vinoth Chandar via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0).
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